Total Quality Management: A Case Of Barclays Bank

Abstract A number of bankers hold the school of thought that banks fall under the finance industry instead of the service industry. In consequence, the competition is more inclined to financial prowess rather than service quality. The banking and financial institutions devote their resources, system, time and people more on managing the cash and the assets instead of managing customers and service. The procedures and products setup are in line with the bank’s convenience instead of the customer’s convenience. Additionally, most of the systems are designed with the aim of controlling the customers rather than offering satisfaction. Banks and financial institutions usually give customer service and satisfaction low priority. With few systems designed to monitor customer loyalty. Contrary to that thought, banks and financial institutions provide the service of financial custody to its customers thus belong to the service industry. For this reason, total quality management is applicable in the banking sector given its success with manufacturing industries. Banks stand to benefit from implementation of total quality management owing to the fact that their survival depend on customer loyalty and satisfaction. However, banking sector is somehow slow in reallocating into the customer-first archetype. The paper focuses on Barclays bank; it outlines and analyses how the banking organisation has introduced and developed a comprehensive system of total quality management in addition to the impacts of the implementation. Furthermore, it provides a critique on the same while highlighting possible areas necessary for improvement. Background The current global market is highly competitive with a characteristic of ever escalating customer demands such as, the need for improved products and services. Most markets have increasing supply of aggressively priced services and products from low labor cost sources. With the current competitive threats present in the market place, it is imperative for organisations and businesses to embrace improved and result oriented strategies (Cheng, Madan & Motwani, 2012). Incessant enhancement in total business activities with a keen focus on customer all through the entire organisation, in addition to prominence on quality and flexibility is of the essence to an organisational success. Quality, its management, and the associated continuous improvements play a significant role in many organisations. It is equally important to note that most organisations and businesses utilize total quality management as a means through, which they can endure in increasingly belligerent markets while maintaining their competitive edge over their challengers. The lifeblood of all businesses and organisation is its customers. In most cases, customers determine the sales of businesses and organisations based on their perception of the product and service quality. In consequence, quality concludes profits while the customers delineate and determine what quality entails. The implementation of total quality management has a myriad of benefits to an organisation and business as a whole; increased market share, amplified profitability, customer and employ satisfaction and heightened competitive edge against competitors. High quality has a direct correlation with the survival of organisations challenged with strong global competitors. In most organisations, competitive success is because of high quality (Eriksson & Hansson, 2010). Presently, the high-end significance of implementing total quality management makes it imperative for organisations and businesses to embrace high quality, its management and continuous improvements, especially in the current increasingly competitive market. The organisations that fail to embrace the principle of total quality management are bound to be unsuccessful. Additionally, total quality management is no longer an alternative for organisations willing to survive in the strong competitive markets. In ensuring customer confidence and competing for international business, organisations with ISO certification hold a distinct edge against their rivals. To the quality conscious buyers, total quality management is an imperative process of value addition (Dusseav, 2012). Total quality management entails the methods of management used to improve the productivity and quality in a business organisation: A widespread management approach operates horizontally across a business organisation. Total quality management involves all employees and departments extending forward and backward to include both customers and suppliers. Total quality management model employs a systematic approach on improving quality based on; personal accountability for assemblage success, team-based work groups, running of the work process possessed by individuals, motivation, and quality desire above quantity and facilitated communication involving functional areas and groups. Within the model, suggestions for improvements are sought from every echelon of the business organisation while motivation is distributed through recognition programs and profit sharing. Employee training in the scientific approach to fact-based problem solving remains the feature of the TQM model. The model embraces the use of tools like process flow charts, orthogonal arrays, statistical process control charts and Pareto charts (Cheng, Madan & Motwani, 2012). For any business organisation, quality provides a strategic advantage; a heightened competitive advantage and organisational survival. An organisational strategy based on quality aimed for competitive advantage usually emphasises on strategic resource on unremitting quality enhancement. In addition to creating price-value advantage above competitors, quality allows the organisation to charge a superior per unit sale price through differentiation. A business organisation is able to achieve a more sustainable competitive advantage through implementation of strategy of high quality. Organisations operating and competing on quality hunt an operational strategy capable of controlling product and service quality while seeking incessant improvement. Different market researchers suggest that organisations should focus on quality improvement in order to gain competence instead of laying emphasis on the current foci including efficiency, revenue, and market share. The current foci are by-products of competence that an organisation can achieve through focusing on product and service quality. Organisations vary in terms of the management practices, culture and the processes used to produce and deliver the products and services (Cheng, Madan & Motwani 2012). In this regard, total quality management strategy varies from one organisation to another. However, total quality management calls upon techniques and tools of lean manufacturing, quality control, ISO 9000, six sigma, and a customer focused culture. Introduction Barclays bank is one of the leading financial institutions across the world with over three hundred years of experience. The headquarters of Barclays Bank is situated in the UK with various branches across several countries worldwide. The bank has a strategy to increase the growth potential through continued diversification of business by customer, geography and product. It has the responsibility of progressing, investing, lending and protecting the money of close to thirty million customers across the globe. One of its branches has built a very strong reputation; the Barclays Bank Plc, Mauritius. The Mauritius branch; with close to one thousand one hundred employees, offer various services for corporate as well as individual customers. Quality implementation There are a myriad of approaches and models for a successful implementation of total quality management within an organization. Some of the approaches and theoretical models that are extensively used include; Crosby’s 14 steps to Quality improvement, Juran 10 points for quality improvement and W.E Demings’ 14 points for quality improvement (Bowen, 2013).While a widely agreed upon approach does not exist, Barclays bank has applied an implementation approach that borrows certain concepts and strategies from all the widely known approaches. The bank has implemented its total quality management system in a more customized way. The bank has adopted the EFQM framework theory in its implementation of TQM. Basically, the approach calls for a focus on results, customers, dependability of purpose, involving and training employees, incessant learning and social responsibility. The bank has applied all these criteria in its implementation approach of TQM (Sila, 2012). In a bid to improve its competitive edge and survivability, the branch has employed a number of strategies that ensure high quality of service delivery to their customers. It has embraced unremitting enhancement in total business activities, with a keen focus on customer all through the entire organisation. It is imperative for the bank to create constancy of purpose for unremitted enhancement of services and products. Barclays bank has embraced this as the first priority in implementing quality management. The bank has allocated its resources for long term planning instead of short-term profits. In order to ensure competitiveness and existence of the bank, it has invested in quality and innovation (Dusseav, 2012). Its management motivates their employees in addition to clear communication of the bank’s policies. The strategy of total quality management implementation has been generally broken down into two major categories in the bank’s modus operandi: Human resource m anagement and service quality, and customer satisfaction implementation. Under each major category of the strategies, there are subdivisions of the strategies. All these form a coherent system of TQM implementation at the bank for improved competitive edge as well as survivability. Quality Service and H R Management Barclays bank acknowledges the significance of the human factor as a major determinant in the successful implementation of total quality management. As a result, the bank has accorded superior attention to human factors such as motivation, teamwork and cooperation. The bank conducted an interview on their employees in regards to their viewpoint, before the implementation of total quality management. A number of employees agreed on the introduction of the total quality management by the management. They held the belief that there was a relationship between the introduction of TQM and the success of the bank. The bank introduced the system through written pamphlets to its employees. In an effort to thoroughly understand how the bank has introduced and develop its TQM system, an analysis of the three sub-divisions under human resource management in light of quality management was undertaken (Eriksson & Hansson, 2010). Focus on meeting employee needs Barclays bank focuses on employee needs given that the bank tries to improve their performance through encouraging creative thinking, holding training programs and teamwork. All these activities are aimed at enhancing the employees’ professionalism. Additionally, the bank provided its employees with a chance to express their views while offering rewards for excellence performance. It has a competently designed training program that emphasises on incessantly improving the professional skills of its employees. Techniques such as, workshops, industry level seminars and job training are employed to ensure the efficiency of the program. Focus on continued improvement In a bid to meet the needs of its employees, the bank management tries to enhance the quality continuously through mistake avoidance, cost minimization of financial services, keeping of good documentation system and unremitting amendment of work practices. According to the employees, the bank strives to focus on the customers as well, given that they run surveys with the aim of finding out the customer’s needs. The bank is characterized with listening and providing financial advice to its employees’ interests and needs (Edwards, 2013). Focus on management competition needs It is important to realize that, through creation of effective means of communication between the employees and the customers, the bank has managed to develop their competitive edge. The bank acquired an ISO certification, which has led to a heightened bank performance level as compared to other banking institutions. Additionally, Barclay bank is always on the look-out for new technology aimed at modifying the current process of operation. The bank’s management acknowledges the importance of process innovation in a bid to evaluate their operation processes and the need to alter them. Process innovation has seen the bank to greater heights in terms of customer and employee satisfaction. The innovation allows the lower level management within the bank to communicate to the top management on exactly how the processes should be conducted in order to reflect the true customer satisfaction (Eriksson & Hansson, 2010). Customer satisfaction Barclays bank holds both individual and cooperate customers with high esteem as it acknowledges their significance in the success of the institution. In a bid to create an impressive customer appeal and product and service endorsement, the management of the bank has placed life-long strategies within its services provision. These strategies are focused on constantly delighting and surprising their esteemed customers ahead of their arch competitors. The management of Barclays bank not only ensures that their esteemed customers purchase their product but also recommend the products to their families and friends (Frick, 2009). In an interview conducted to establish the level of customer satisfaction, Barclays showed a satisfactory level of satisfaction to the needs of their customers. The bank has modern technical equipment such as A.T.M services which help save the customers time thereby facilitating their deal with the bank. Apart from the A.T.M services, the bank has employed various strategies aimed at reducing the processing time of its key products and services such as new accounts, loans, credit cards and cheque encashment. Through innovation of mobile applications, the waiting period and down time as well as the queuing period has been significantly reduced (Edwards, 2013). According to the customer feedbacks, Barclays bank delivers most of its promises to their customers. It has eliminated a number of bureaucracy procedures that are deemed obstacles on delivery of promise agreements. The bank management has created an image of reliability among its customers through the use of good dependable documentation. In order to improve the level of customer satisfaction, quality of services offered by the bank is undertaken by qualified employees. The employees are trained to serve the customers with friendliness and efficiency. The working hours of the bank are deemed suitable for their customers and employees on a similar basis. The bank’s skilled employees not only offer quality services, but also quick delivery. This creates a sense of customer being the emphasis of the banks operation. Barclays has effective communication systems through, which the customers’ complaints are channeled and promptly handled. This way, the bank improves on its weakest areas on customer service thereby enabling the customer to feel appreciated as part of the bank. Additionally, the bank focuses on improving the quality of products and services offered in the bank apart from customer service. Barclays bank has some of the best interest rates, inclusive of all charges and hidden fees thereby depicting the quality of its services and products. The enquiries made by the customers either through phone or in person are promptly answered. The bank has trained its employees to employ good work ethics in responding to customer enquiries: few rings before the phone is picked up, reduced number of transfers before the customer is connected to the right person and prompt answering of the phone (Edwards, 2013). The bank employs accuracy and timeliness of account statements as compared to their competitors. This ensures the customers’ trust on the bank while upholding the bank’s image, reputation and integrity. These qualities put the bank at a higher competitive edge within the banking industry. Conclusion In conclusion, the implementation of the total quality management in Barclays is considered successful given the numerous benefits associated with the embrace of the system. The level of commitment practice by the bank’s management has greatly ensured an improved quality of the services offered at the bank. The bank has witnessed a number of benefits associated with the influence of customer satisfaction and continuous process improvement methods on the quality of service delivery and profit margins. The services offered at Barclays have been identified as some of the best as compared to other financial institutions. In terms of focus on employees, the bank has been ranked top as its rewards its employees with competitive salaries. The high quality of services offered by the bank has allowed the bank to charge high prices for its products and services on similar basis. This has ensured high profitability and increased competitive advantage over their rivals. Total quality mana gement should not be considered as alternative, instead effective strategies should be adopted to ensure its successful implementation. In order to ensure that total quality management implementation is effective, it is recommended that the bank expands the role of internal auditor to examine the bank’s performance in terms of service, quality, value and cleanliness instead of limiting their functions. Even though the bank utilized written documents during the introduction of the TQM implementation, it is imperative to change the banks configuration and work practices to facilitate accomplishment of the TQM concepts. It is a daunting task for the bank to differentiate itself from its competitors given that an introduction of a new marketing strategy will automatically be copied. It is therefore imperative for the bank to ensure high quality of services, products and service delivery in a bid to ensure the customers’ loyalty. Bibliography Bowen, R. (2013, December 4). Learn the Theories of Total Quality Management. Retrieved October 31, 2014. Cheng, C. H., Madan, M. S., & Motwani, J. (2012) Implementing quality management in the banking services sector. Total Quality Management, 7(4), 347-356. Dusseav, S.P. (2012)†An analysis of the relationship between financial performance and TQM†, University of Missouri. Eriksson, T & Hansson, J. (2010) â€Å"The impact of TQM on financial performance†, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 7, No. 1, 36 – 50. Edwards, C.(2013) Barclays Bank Plc V. Rbs Advanta. Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases, 113(10) 2012, 307-319. Frick, R. A., (2009) The application of total quality management on service quality in banking. New York, NY: Wiley. Sila, I. (2012). Examining the effects of contextual factors on TQM and performance through the lens of organizational theories: An empirical study. Journal of Operations Management, 23(12), 83-109. Appendix TQM- Total quality management A.T.M – Automatic teller machine ISO 900- A family unit of quality management standards

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Running Head: THE RHETORICAL ANALYSIS IN â€Å"NO WOMAN NO CRY† The Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers Karen Start Dr. Felicia Dziadek Composition 1301 October 1, 2011 Abstract In this paper, the rhetorical analysis of the lyrics to â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, made famous by Bob Marley and the Wailers, has been analyzed to reveal the rhetoric mean. Historical events in the Jamaican government’s actions influenced the singer to protect, in a peaceful manner, the people and culture of his country, Jamaica.Repetition of phrases, sentence structure, tones and values of the song are used by the artist to help â€Å"move† the people then and still today. The Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers Try not start the opening sentence with a quote. â€Å"1979, Boston, MA, live at Amandla Festival-Harvard Stadium, Bob Marley and the Wailers performed the song ‘No Woman No C ry’ mid day because promoters feared a riot [would spark in the streets. † (moga1985's Channel, 2006) One of the great songs ever written, â€Å"[n]umber 37 on Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Song of All Time† (Wailers, B. M. , 2011. ), made a huge impact on society when the famous musician Bob Marley helped to bring peace into his country. But what is it that attracts and persuades people to react after listening to words of a performer? The music,take out the the lyrics, tones, beat, or is it the rhetorical statement within the song?After completing the recent research of â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, the proposed purpose of this melody is said to preach the word for a better government, and is dedicated to Bob Marley’s mother, Ciddy, for the love and support she provided through the hard times in Trenchtown, Jamaica. The people of Jamaican took the rhetorical meaning of the song into action. Rebellions and riots were feared to hit the streets to fi ght for peace and love the natives deserved in Jamaica. Bob Marley’s face and name revolves around the drastic change of Jamaica. Taking the hetorical meaning of this simple song is strong enough to be used as a weapon to protect rights; to have a better life. To help further understanding of Bob Marley’s words, the information collected has been constructed, analyzed, and developed into a thought of the rhetorical analysis, (and the reasoning for the words carefully chosen for the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry†) take this out. Bob Marley carefully chose his words for the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† to show the desperate need for peace and to love to his nation by using repetitions, a variety of tones and beats, and peaceful rebellion.The rhetorical analysis of Bob’s songs helped to motivate the people into an understanding of the need for peace. In everyday life we experience rhetorical situations, such as advertisements or just simply trying to get someone to raise the thermostat without asking but initially presenting the issue. In most rhetorical situations, people continue to retain the music or rhythm without noticing the rhetoric in songs, poems, and articles. Such an example is the famous repetative song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers.It is believed the song was intentionally written for Bob Marley’s mother, Ciddy, or for the sake of his country and religion. Reason for such rhetorical words was because of the independence of Jamaica. Marley was being â€Å"[e]xposed to the staunch realities of abject poverty, low pay, malnutrition and disease and a lack of political rights by the poor, houses which were anything from cardboard boxes to beaten out oil drums nailed together, roadblocks, migration, [and] food shortage. † (rasta man vibrations, 2011. Life became hard for the Jamaicans therefore the song’s rhetorical message relates to the politics at the time being and influ enced millions world-wide for peace. The phrase â€Å"[i]n the government yard in Trenchtown, Oba, ob-serving the hypocrites† (Ford, Vincent, 1976) refers to the lack of help and support for the people suffering. Marley’s rebellion wasn’t just to preach how bad the government is or to persuade the public to revolt; in fact his voice rang another bell. To teach the world to love and take care of one another is the message in between the lines of the lyrics.His famous quote â€Å"No Woman No Cry† has imprinted the Jamaican government with a rhetorical situation of hard times in life, and the tone peace and love sets a good state of mind in the people’s hearts; in which helped the movement of Jamaican independence. The message from the lyrics means more than just singing to be heard, it’s about having a better life, and to show that â€Å"No Woman [should] No[t] Cry† (Ford, Vincent. ) because the future will be better. To get to the rhet orical message, you must first discover the features of the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† for a better understanding of how and why the lyrics and beats influence the message.The construction of a song can show other characteristics about the artist’s appearances or beliefs. First recognized by the audience are the diction and the chronological order of ideas from the performer. Bob Marley’s chose of words are mainly informal diction. He speaks to his audience as if he personally knows them. Bob’s language is so passionate and his words relate to the audience on a deep personal level. A popular choice of writing is repetition of words or phrases also used in the â€Å"No Woman No Cry†. The lines â€Å"No Woman No Cry† and â€Å"Everything’s gonna be alright† (Ford, Vincent. are repeated and detain a deeper message verses just seeing the plain text. Sentence structure is also a helpful tool used by artist. The arrangement of ideas in a song is very important. In the Also, the performance of the song is very sophisticated. Because Marley’s words were so passionate, people literally took the rhetorical message into action. Most reggae music is a form of steady beat and ska combined and slowed. Usually the third or fourth string is accented and this tends to be the standard rhythm.The rhythm, beats, repetition of words, and the order of Bob Marley’s ideas all contribute to the rhetorical message of the song. Content and form are presented in the song and correspond to one another. The main purpose received from â€Å"No Woman No Cry† was the simple fact to not worry or stress and that the individual will be reassured â€Å"everything will be alright†. The author of the song appeals to the reason of hardship in Trechtown, Jamaica. Such reason of this is the change of Jamaica’s government control. Independence was won shortly before the burst of reggae music.People began to view life differently and shift to a new prospective. Not only does Bob Marley make music but he also changes many individual minds on a variety of subjects. When individuals listen to the words presented in a song, they form an image or story of what the performer is introducing. For the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry†, the audience infers it is about a woman and the performer is trying to reassure her that there is no reason to cry. But in reality, the sweet words are directed into two ways. One line in the lyrics â€Å"Then we would cook cornmeal porridge† (Ford, Vincent. ) is eferring to the dinners Marley would enjoy with his mother. â€Å"Although porridge for dinner was an indication of the family’s economic need it was also conversely an indication of strength and love through Bob’s satisfaction with having such a meal. † (rasta man vibrations, 2011. ) This line is so sincere about the memories he shared with his mother growing up poor without food . After analyzing the song, a different perspective is formed. Majority of the audience assume the rhetorical message is directed to the relationship between Marley and his family and also to preach for a better system of government for Jamaica.Emotionally the audience feels a sense of hurt, hope, and calming peace from the performer. To contribute to this sense, form of the lyrics helps to portray such emotions. The structure of communication is sculpted into public communication; â€Å"In other words, it is the intention of the communicator that what is communicated might be received/apprehended by anyone. † (Faulkner, Andrew, 2009. ) The performer, Bob Marley, uses such communication in hopes the audience will receive the information of the public to understand and continue to fight for the hope of having a free and peaceful country.This usage of form and content helps the artist reach out to the public. Marley’s approach to the public and the techniques he had chos en were very useful to get his rhetorical message in his song clear to the point. Performers write and sing for various reasons and another key element to a performer’s writing is his audience. When listening to a song, a thought of whom the lyrics are directed to is proposed. ‘Who could the writer possibly be directing his attention to? ’ is question often brought to mind. In the perspective of Marley, his intentions were to his people; the natives suffering in Jamaica. Then we would cook corn meal porridge, Of which I'll share with you† this line considers the meals Bob Marley would eat with his mother. At the time in Jamaica, the public was so poor they couldn’t afford to have a diversity of food. The message within these lines is directed to his mother. Like many of the Jamaicans, Marley had experienced hardship therefore we can only assume his audiences are the people of Jamaica. â€Å"In its literal sense the song can be interpreted as an ode to Marley’s mother and the hardships they both faced in Trench Town†. (Rasta man vibration, 2011).The performer used much of his personal experiences show that he too feels the same as the rest of the public. In sense that the public wanted a better life; to have food, free of diseases, and a home to live in. We as the modern day listeners, interpret the song into manners in which we can understand. It is believed the information Marley has given to his audiences is exposed for the spread of the good word; peace. Historical events influence the people experiencing the change of life, hardship, pain, and the need of support from those who want to ‘rule’.The wide range of audiences Bob Marley has obtain have continued to spread the peace, love, and happiness in hope that one day the people of the world will not have to â€Å"she’d no tears. † (Ford, Vincent, 1974. ) Out of such powerful performances and significantly constructed communication cu lture and values can be produced. Marley had ‘moved the people’ into a cultural development people today continue to practice his motivations. Individuals practice the art of marijuana, love, peace movements, and creating reggae music. Marley’s face can be seen from posters to T-shirts and his words are used as greetings or goodbyes.Till this day, Marley’s name is best known for his perspective on life, the fight for his people, to keeping his religion, and a better government in his country. Many audiences have been reached out by the words of Bob Marley and his music lives on today touching the hearts of many people. The only clear cut rhetorical message Bob Marley has given to the world is the uplifting phrase, â€Å"Peace, Love, and Happiness. † Rhetorical analysis can provide a deeper intellectual thought of an article, book, poem, or song. In this case, the song â€Å"No Woman No Cry† by Bob Marley and the Wailers was analyzed to receiv e the message within the lines.Love, hope, pain, and sorrow all contribute to the long lasting song Bob Marley has given us. The sentence structure, structure of communication, and features used help to contribute the reasoning of â€Å"No Woman No Cry†. The performances of the artist contribute to the passive moving lyrics as well. A performer will most likely present the rhythm and beats to help the sentence stucture of the lyrics. Looking through the fine print of casual writings reveals rhetorical analysis with a little research and historical fact support. References 1. Bob Marley’s song No Woman No Cry. n. d. ). rasta man vibration. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. rasta-man-vibration. com/no-woman-no-cry. html. 2. __video_username__, m. (2006, April 2). moga1985's Channel – YouTube . YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. . Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. youtube. com/user/moga1985. 3. BobMarley. com | The Official Site of Bob Marley . (2010, December 27). BobMarley. com | The Official Site of Bob Marley . Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://www. bobmarley. com/. 4. Wailers, B. M. (2011, September 20). No Woman, No Cry – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/No_Woman. 5. â€Å"No Woman No Cry Lyrics – Bob Marley. † Lyrics, Song Lyrics – LyricsFreak. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Oct. 2011. ;http://www. lyricsfreak. com/b/bob. 6. Ford, Vincent. â€Å"No Woman No Cry† lyric credit. (1976) 7. Faulkner, Andrew. â€Å"The Structure of Communication  « Reflections and Insights on Transformation. † Reflections and Insights on Transformation. N. p. , 17 May 2009. Web. 2 Oct. 2011. ;http://sureshfernando. wordpress. com/2009/05/17/the-structure-of-communication/;.

Northern Life Editor

When there is an ever enduring effort for global health care and health and nutrition for all by WHO,   in Canada the government incurs   less than 10 per cent   of GDP on the contribution   of health care services.   According to the Annual Report 2004-2005 of Canada Health Act (CHA), the Government is providing a range of health services viz., health policy,   physician services, hospital   services, extended health care services, dental services wherein each of the service is insured on pre-paid basis in order to make the accessibility of services for all the eligible residents of Canada. Further the Government has also made a Health plan up to the period of 2013-2014 with the framework of Canada Health Transfer (CHT). In spite of these efforts, the Government of Canada is still challenged with some of the critical issues of rising diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis among aging population which will increase from 13-15 per cent by 2011. Also a fund of $ 262,000 has been allocated for treatment of meningitis among children. The above facts disclose that there is a severe need of health care professionals, as most of the present staff are retiring, it increases the load of work.   Also acute care and attention is required for each patient using technology in diagnosis, as the expectations of patients are always on higher side.   These necessarily evolve a system of human resource restructuring, to appoint new staff by way of work contracts or temporary staff workers for skilled areas, which require a top priority resolution. Further implementation of tele-medical advice and services would assist both the Government and health-seekers. Lack of adequate trained technicians, physicians, surgeons, anesthetists and supporting nurses with other administrative staff, would place Government of Canada in helpless state, in spite of its vigorous efforts to help citizens in health services.  Ã‚   Health and Community Services Act (1993) can induct medical students as trainees and other related workers into various hospitals, health centers for facilitating access to medical treatment for meeting long term sickness and emergency needs. Conclusion Considering the facts of above scenario, Government of Canada with the assistance of CHT must consider all the facts and develop a framework of human resources taking the advantage of globalization and migration work services and increase humanitarian as well as medical services for the residents of Canada and allow the continuance of good sense prevail as ever. (Cash contribution of $ 12,650 billion for the fiscal year 2004-2005) . Conclusively,   urging the Government to look into the issue. Sincerely, Brunnette Medical Student No.30 Backstreet Toronto References Tony Clement, Minister of Health Accessed 6 November, 2006 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/2004-05_e.pdf         

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Political Scandal in the Media - Essay Example One is the reality that Spitzer's betrayal involved prostitutes. "Why Men Cheat," inserts that the same holds true of informal sex, seeing that in one-night-stand after having someone at a bar. For some people, this looks like, "Holy cow", like Mr. David Letterman, "We can't get bin Laden, but we got Spitzer". And for others, undoubtedly, it's been a deep talk of stance on (or experiences with) infidelity, disloyalty, loyalty and the like. It's occurring in conferences, too. "Are you saying the women should feel guilty, like they somehow drove the man to cheat", Meredith Vieira of "Today" asked Dr. Laura Schlessinger, a radio host. On the media channels, where Talk Shows addressed the scandal madly for days, Mars and Venus instants have thrived hard. Some women were seriously angry by all the meeting of a "victimless crime." And they giggled when Joy Behar on the all five women gabfest "The View" stated publicly that "Viagra is destroying our government." On Tuesday morning Hendrik Hertzberg, a writer for The New Yorker, told the host, Joe Scarborough, that Mr. Spitzer should not be condemned as a hypocrite. "If he had been caught taking from the public till or bilking the government, that would have been hypocritical," Mr. Hertzberg said. "This is just, this is sad." How common is this adultery Figuratively, in... Surely there were no cries for Mr. Spitzer. Alan M. Dershowitz, who taught Mr. Spitzer at Harvard Law School, went so far as to blame American Puritanism first. "Big deal, a married man goes to prostitute", Mr. Dershowitz said on MSNBC on Monday. "In Europe this wouldn't even make the back pages of the newspaper". Political sex-scandals have become a pushy feature of American society today. From Profumo to the cash-for-questions scandal, from Watergate to the Clinton-Lewinsky affair, scandals have come to play a fundamental role in political affairs and in the shaping of public debates. They all blur together. And now New York's Gov., Eliot Spitzer, had to leave his job after his involvement in a prostitution ring became public. But this star news will be eclipsed by the next scandal before too long. If we're becoming a more liberal society, shouldn't there be less and not more sex scandals Probably not. Sex scandals will keep on as long as we remain in-two-minds about the public impacts of hush-hush sexual conduct. We're in the middle of a nationwide debate about where to sketch the line. It's turn into a known scene - "a politician...over-involved in a sex scandal...addressing the media...his compassionate, humiliated wife by his side". Spitzer's dismal story just doesn't meet the higher bar of insignificance the journalists and newspapers demand. The imperfections in our political system that it represents are immeasurable. It's just too real to meet the requirements. His scandal looks like to have got its "get-out-of-jail-free" license from the media pundits. One commonality among political sex scandals nowadays is that the tricacies of the encounters

Indexes and Abstracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Indexes and Abstracts - Essay Example This simply by putting in the right key and being precise on the topic. And also by checking with the constitution of U.S under Language Act; O'Henry must have witnessed a couple so in love. Visualize him sitting on a park bench watching strolling lovers, moving in no particular destination, stop to kiss and ear-whisper. Perhaps it was a crisp winter afternoon with a dusting of snowflakes that dampened his paper and caused the couples to snuggle together for extra warmth. He watched them wander by and he focused on one pair; she with goddess hair that fell down her back; he, a handsome man who stopped to take out a watch from his pocket to show her. O'Henry saw as she lovingly held her partner's hand with the watch and raised it to her lips and the author settled on that look as the couple held each other, unaware of him, or anyone else, in the piazza Directions: Use print, on-line, CD-ROM, or Internet resources, but remember that the purpose of this exercise is to familiarize yourself with encyclopedias that you would consider authoritative. Be sure not only to answer the question, but also to indicate your search strategy (subject headings used, keywords used, search engine used, etc.). Cite your source using Format N (note) on the CITATION GUIDE provided for the course. One point for each question. ... e watched them wander by and he focused on one pair; she with goddess hair that fell down her back; he, a handsome man who stopped to take out a watch from his pocket to show her. O'Henry saw as she lovingly held her partner's hand with the watch and raised it to her lips and the author settled on that look as the couple held each other, unaware of him, or anyone else, in the piazza Sources: New York World Magazine or In the oldest continuous Pete's Tavern pub in New York, Gramercy area of Manhattan. 4. Libby Gelman-Waxner wrote a play, which was later made into a movie starring Steven Weber and Patrick Stewart. Name the movie and find a review of it. Movie is called: Revenge of the Stepford Wives. Sorce: Encyclopedia Americana Publisher: Danbury, Conn. : Grolier, c2003. PROBLEM SET III: ENCYCLOPEDIAS Directions: Use print, on-line, CD-ROM, or Internet resources, but remember that the purpose of this exercise is to familiarize yourself with encyclopedias that you would consider authoritative. Be sure not only to answer the question, but also to indicate your search strategy (subject headings used, keywords used, search engine used, etc.). Cite your source using Format N (note) on the CITATION GUIDE provided for the course. One point for each question. Fractions of a point will be taken off for incomplete or incorrect answers and incorrect citations. 1. What is Ockham's Razor Ockham's razor is a principle that was created by William of Ockham. A distinguished English philosopher & Scholastic logistician who revolutionized the fundamentals of normalism. As a Franciscan monk he defended evangelical poverty against Pope John xxiii, becoming known as the invincible Doctor. He was imprisoned in Aviguran, France on charges of heresy in 1328 but escaped to

Jukushop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jukushop - Essay Example To ensure effective communication and coordination, Jukushop has an organizational structure which interrelates groups of the organization. Jukushop has adopted divisional structure. Divisional structure is formed when an organization is split up into a number of self contained business units, each of which operates as a profit centre. The division occurs on the basis of the products or market or a combination of the two with each unit tending to operate along functional or product lines, but with certain key functions such as personnel, finance and corporate planning. (Burns and Stalker, 1961) Jukushop has invested heavily on marketing especially in sale promotion. Sales promotion is one of the four promotion mix. The other three are advertising, personal selling, and publicity or public relations. Sales promotions are non-personal promotional efforts that are designed to have an immediate impact on sales. It is usually a media and non-media marketing communication employed for a pre-determined and limited time to increase consumer demand and also to stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Examples of sales promotions aspects include: discounts and sales, free samples, gifts and incentives, coupons and rebates. In their sales promotion, Jukushop has been targeting both consumers and retailers/wholesalers hence they applied consumer sales promotion and trade sales promotion. (Mitchell, 2005) International Involvement Companies that are international involved have a major market to deal with hence they have to be aware of all the required regulations in the international market. They have to be aware of the requirements with various countries and even join a number of international trading bodies. II. INTERNSHIP GOALS A formalized internship program gives a hands-on experience in ones preferred field so that one can truly determine if it is the right industry for him. It is very important for one to participate in an internship program as one receives the exposure to his chosen industry. The beauty of an internship is that it helps one determine what he is looking for in a career before graduation such that one can make adjustments to his curriculum if needed. Internship helps one to apply the skills learnt in college and allows one to identify opportunities for improvement. Recognizing where improvement is needed is essential for one to have proper skill and become competitive in the job market by the time one graduate. For this case, in my internship, I have received a lot of exposure in the marketing field and more so I have applied what I learn in class. III. TASKS ASSIGNED Jukushop being a house of style of pets that are marketed internationally, I was assigned a number of marketing duties in the organization. I was assigned the duty of formulating marketing strategies for the firm. Marketing strategies serve as the fundamental underpinning of marketing plans designed to reach marketing objectives. A marketing plan contains a list of specific actions required to successfully implement a

The Indian Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Indian Economy - Essay Example This rising working age means more workers in the future. More workers are important, because of the concern about demand increasing over supply. The Economist reports â€Å"that demand is outpacing supply and hence the pace of growth is unsustainable.† A greater number of workers could increase production, raising the supply, to meet the demand. More workers are also important, because the number creates more consumers. This makes the demand higher, but the supply raises as well. This circle makes an economy more stable, than just the demand rising with no increase in supply. However, if just the demand was rising and not the supply, inflation and depression follow. Workers and consumers are good for an economy. The one thing that more workers will need is education. Job training should be put into place by the government. New industries, especially computer related, should be taught in vocational schools. This would help the new workers coming of age to find jobs. It would not matter how old a worker, if they had no skills. The Economist states â€Å"60% of Indias labour force is engaged in low productivity farming.† These farmers will need skills to gain production jobs within urban areas. India government reforms have made the economy grow. The trade friendly reforms have created an import/export business that is lucrative. It is also easier for foreign investment, although this has not been as widespread as hoped. Lower oil prices make the economy better. Government regulation on employees in the workplace have made for happier workers. All of these reforms are good, but more need to take effect. Indias government has ambitious plans to increase total infrastructure spending to 8% of GDP over the next five years. This will involve some increase in government spending, but the idea is for the bulk of it to be financed by public-private partnerships. Although this is a good start, but the infrastructure is in poor shaped. More

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit 451 Essay In life some people change, and others do not. In the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Guy Montag is a courageous, strong firefighter who constantly changes throughout the book. Reason how Montag is a dynamic character is when he kills Faber, when he starts to read Mildred’s friends the poem, and when he starts to take the books. Guy Montag is a dynamic character when he starts to take books. â€Å"His hand has done it all, his hand, with a brain of its own, with a conscience and a curiosity in each trembling finger, had turned thief. Now it plunged the book back under his arm, pressed it tight to sweating armpit, rushed out empty, with a magician’s flourish!† (41.) In the story, it is illegal to have books, because people who read will fill superior to others. At this point in the story, the firefighters are burning a house that has books in them. Montag becomes curious and takes a book. In the beginning, Guy Montag did not like books and enjoyed burning them. He is changed because he wants to read and know more about books. He became a more dynamic character by taking the book. Taking books is not the only other reason how Montag is different. In the book Montag recited a poem called Dover Beach to Mildred’s friends. â€Å"’ The Sea of Faith Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. But now I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating, to the breath Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world.’† (102.) At this point in the story Mildred, her friends, and Montag are in Mildred’s house. Montag is repeating Shakespeare. It is a poem about war. In the beginning of the book Montag did not want people to know he was reading books but now he does not care because he is reciting it to people. He changed from being secretive about reading to having others know even though it could get him in trouble. Lastly, Montag changed by becoming a killer. â€Å"Montag, you idiot, Montag, you damn fool; why did you really do it.† In the story right now, Montag just killed Beatty. Earlier in the story, Montag admired Beatty. He liked burning books at the end, now; he killed Beatty because he made him burn his books. He changed here from being a good firefighter to going against Beatty and the laws. Montag is a dynamic character. Montag changed, because he started to take books, he started to recite books, and he killed Beatty. If it were not for these changes, though, Montag would not be a leader. Changes in life can lead to new and better things in life.

Cactus Stack Approach with Dijkstra’s Algorithm

Cactus Stack Approach with Dijkstra’s Algorithm Advance Dijkstra’s Algorithm with Cactus Stack Implementation Logic Idea Proposed for the Cactus Stack Approach with Dijkstra’s Algorithm Palak Kalani Nayyar Khan Abstract— This paper illustrates a possible approach to reduce the complexity and calculation burden that is normally encountered in the Shortest Path Problems. We intend to give a new concept based on the look ahead values of the input nodes given in the shortest path problem as proposed by the famous Djktras Algorithm. A new data structure called as Cactus Stack could be used for the same and we could try to minimize and the loop back issues and traversals in a given graph by looking at the adjacency matrix as well as the creation of a cactus stack which is linked in a listed manner. The calculation of the node values and the total value shall be the same as proposed by the ancient algorithm however by our concept we are trying to reduce the complexity of calculation to a larger extent. Index Terms—Component, formatting, style, styling, insert. (key words) I. Introduction With the advancement in technology, there is increase in demand for development of industries to fulfill the requirements of the people. But in industries there are a lot of chemicals and lubricants used for equipment some of these chemicals and lubricants are volatile in nature and may cause accidents such as fire. However, fire extinguishers and other preventive measures are also available at the security, but they are not proven executive and we have to flee the area as soon as possible. This research paper proposes a new algorithm which calculates the shortest path forget away of such problems. The proposed algorithm is based on the original Dijkstra algorithm. This algorithm gives us optimum solution in less time and also reduces the calculation.[1] II. Dijkstra Algorithm Dijkstra was one of the most forceful promoter of programming as a scientific discipline. He has made contribution to the areas of operating systems, programming languages, including deadlock avoidance, contain the notion of structured programming, and algorithms. We will now consider the general problem of finding the length of a shortest path between a and z in an undirected connected simple weighted graph. Dijkstra’s algorithm proceeds by finding the length of a shortest path from a to a first vertex, the length of a shortest path from a to a second vertex, and so on, until the length of a shortest path from a to z is found. As aside benefit, this algorithm is easily extended to find the length of the shortest path from a to all other vertices of the graph, and not just to z. The algorithm relies on a series of iterations. A distinguished set of vertices is constructed by adding one vertex at each iteration. A labeling procedure is carried out for iteration. In this labeling procedure, a vertex w is labeled with the length of a shortest path from a tow that contains only vertices already in the distinguished set. The vertex added to the distinguished set is one with a minimal label among those vertices not already in the set. We now give the details of Dijkstra’s algorithm. It begins by labeling a with 0 and the other vertices with ∞. We use the notation L0(a) = 0 and L0(v)=∞for these labels before any iterations have taken place (the subscript 0 stands for the â€Å"0th† iteration). These labels are the lengths of shortest paths from a to the vertices, where the paths contain only the vertex a.(Because no path from a to a vertex different from a exists, ∞is the length of a shortest path Between a and this vertex.)Dijkstra’s algorithm proceeds by forming a distinguished set of vertices. Let S k denote this set after k iterations of the labeling procedure. We begin with S0 = ∅. The set Skis formed from Sk−1 by adding a vertex u not in S k−1 with the smallest label. Lk(a, v) = min{Lk−1(a, v),Lk−1(a, u) + w(u, v)}, ALGORITHM: Procedure Dijkstra(G: weighted connected simple graph, with all weights positive) {G has vertices a = v0, v1, . . . ,vn= z and lengths w(vi , vj ) where w(vi , vj )=∞if {vi , vj} is not an edge in G} fori := 1 to n L(vi ) :=∞ L(a) := 0 S :=∅ {the labels are now initialized so that the label of a is 0 and all other labels are∞, and S is the empty set} whilez ∈S u:= a vertex not in S with L(u) minimal S :=S ∠ª {u} forall vertices v not in S ifL(u) + w(u, v) then L(v) := L(u) + w(u, v) {this adds a vertex to S with minimal label and updates the labels of vertices not in S} returnL(z) {L(z) = length of a shortest path from a to z}[2] IV. Limitations of Dijkstra’s Algorithm Although Dijkstra’s algorithm is an effective algorithm but still there are a lot of circumspections. Some of these are discussed below. Presence of calculations bounteously. Solutions pleaded by this algorithm are not equitable. The reasons for changing paths and beading elements are not favoured. It is not explicit when the problem is not closed loop or cyclic i.e. we are having a last element other than destination and last element is connected with only one element then we are not able to reach destination It distracts when both next nodes are same then which node we are going to choose for operation. We have to check distance or path after one step which is not favourable. For example, if we want to go neemuch from indore and distance of Ujjain from indore is more than distance of devas from indore then according to dijkstra we should go to devas and check distance of desvas between neemuch and if we find more than Ujjain route then we again come back to indore. V. Solutions to mentioned limitations First we use look ahead dijkstra : A. Precode Wnext = min [Wvu ,Wvw] Look ahead [Wnext ,Wua , Wsub] { Wfinal = min[Wnextà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Wua, Wnextà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  Wub] Return [Wfinal;:a?b] } Min[∑_(i=1)^2à £Ã¢â€š ¬-(Ti)+Li-1à £Ã¢â€š ¬-] Problem solution Vi=Vj: Min(P1[∑_(i=1)^2wi], P2[∑_(j=1)^2wj]) =next node . B. Proposed Method Cs1 pop(a) { Cs2(b) { Weight (a,b); } Cs2(c) { Weigth(a,c); } Return[min( Cs2(b),Cs2(c)) } (V+Cs)+ look ahead C. Dijkstra with VFS traversal and cactus stack VFS(vertical first search) In the vfs we search in vertical order of cactus stack f(a,b)≈ f(n,m) n=a f(a,’m’) m=b,c,d,e†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. struct node { int*prev; int*next; int data; } D. Complexity Comparison In dijkstra’s complexity is more whereas in proposed method i.e. shortest path with cactus stack is less. In dijkstra’s we need to do calculation from each and every point but in proposed algorithm we need to do calculation from particular points which reduces calculations and complexities. E. Adjacency Matrix In mathematics and computer science, an adjacency matrix is a means of representing which vertices (or nodes) of graph are adjacent to which other vertices.[3][4] Adjacency matrix of above graph is F. Weighted Adjacency Matrix The matrix which represents graph with respect to its weight. Now we have to convert matrix into another matrix by using the following program. Adjacency Matrix is CODE : #include #include #define INF 9999 int main( ) { intarr[4][4] ; int cost[4][4] = { 7, 5, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0 } ; int i, j, k, n = 4 ; for ( i = 0 ; i { for ( j = 0; j { if ( cost[i][j] == 0 ) arr[i][j] = INF ; else arr[i][j] = cost[i][j] ; } } printf ( Adjacency matrix of cost of edges:n ) ; for ( i = 0 ; i { for ( j = 0; j printf ( %dt, arr[i][j] ) ; printf ( n ) ; } for ( k = 0 ; k { for ( i = 0 ; i { for ( j = 0 ; j { if ( arr[i][j] >arr[i][k] + arr[k][j] ) arr[i][j] = arr[i][k] + arr[k][j]; } } } Now we take an above example and use this steps to convert into another adjacency matrix: . G. Traversal of Adjacency Matrix For solving adjacency matrix, we take the 1st node and observe the row of that node if there is weight on any vertex that means that vertex is connected to 1st node with respective weight. Similarly we check for all nodes and traverse the matrix.If any vertex have weight infinity that means that vertex is not directly connected to the main vertex whose row is being traverse. If vertex have weight zero that means there is no self loop present. If user’s last node is not the last node of matrix then we simply traverse the matrix till the node entered by user then we will back traverse rest of node that is we will start traversing last node. VI. Cactus Stack A cactus stack is a set of stacks organized in a systematic format as a tree in which each path from the root to any leaf constitutes a stack. A Cactus Stack act both like a Tree and a Stack. Like a stack, items can only be added to or removed from only one end that is top of the cactus stack; like a Tree, nodes in the Cactus Stack may have parent child relationships. Cactus Stacks are traversed from the child nodes to the parent nodes rather than vice-versa, as in a Binary Search Tree. One of the strongest benefits of a cactus stack is that it allows parallel data structures to exist with the same root. A. Creation of Cactus Stack Let us understand this matrix with the help of an example showed above. Series of steps should be as following: First, We should know the starting and ending point. Let us assume that a is the starting point and f is the ending point. Then we put vertices of graph in cactus stack. Put a in cs1. Now a is connected to b and c. so b and c are put in cs2. b is connected to d and c is connected to e so we put d and e in cs3. Repeat same step till the last node is traversed. On traversing the adjacency matrix if two adjacent node has weight other than infinity and zero then we put that nodes in different cactus stacks. B. Linkage in Cactus Stack After plotting the vertices in cactus stacks. If there is connection between element of cs1, cs2 then we have to join them. Similarly we will join elements of each stack to its consecutive stack. VII. Conclusion With the help of Cactus Stack and Linked List for the shortest path the time complexity is reduced theoretically than the theory proposed by Dijkshtra’s Shortest path algorithm. Thus we conclude that time complexity is reduced. References List and number all bibliographical references in 9-point Times, single-spaced, at the end of your paper. When referenced in the text, enclose the citation number in square brackets, for example: [1]. Where appropriate, include the name(s) of editors of referenced books. The template will number citations consecutively within brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in â€Å"[3]†Ã¢â‚¬â€do not use â€Å"Ref. [3]† or â€Å"reference [3]†. Do not use reference citations as nouns of a sentence (e.g., not: â€Å"as the writer explains in [1]†). Unless there are six authors or more give all authors’ names and do not use â€Å"et al.†. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for publication, should be cited as â€Å"unpublished† [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication should be cited as â€Å"in press† [5]. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [6]. Wang Tian-yu, The Application of the Shortest Path Algorithm in the Evacuation System, 2011 International Conference of Information Technology, Computer Engineering and Management Sciences (references) Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete_Mathematics_and_Its_Applications_7th_Edition_Rosen, page-710-713 Fuhao Zhang, Improve On Dijkshtra’s Shortest Path Algorithm for Huge Data R. Nicole, â€Å"Title of paper with only first word capitalized,† J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press. Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, â€Å"Electron spectroscopy studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface,† IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740–741, August 1987 [Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982]. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 41, NO. 8, AUGUST 2006 1803 †Phase Noise and Jitter in CMOS Ring Oscillators†, Asad A. Abidi. pp1803-1816. M. Young, The Technical Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.

Memory Organisation And Random Access Memory Computer Science Essay

Memory Organisation And Random Access Memory Computer Science Essay Memory stores, instructions and data. Memory is of two types, primary memory and secondary memory. Instruction or data given by input devices is first getting stored in the primary memory. Further user saves processed (executed) data in the secondary memory. Primary memory is temporary and secondary memory is permanent. Primary memory is the main memory of the computer system. It is faster than secondary memory. It directly communicates with CPU. 3.2 Memory Unit Computer uses several types of memories to save instructions and data. Computer uses RAM and ROM as primary memory. RAM is a primary memory used in the computer. It is volatile since its content is accessible only as long as the computer is ON. The content of RAM is cleared as soon as computer is powered OFF. SRAM is used as cache memory in the computer system. A DRAM is used as main memory of the computer system. Types of DRAM are as SDRAM, DDRAM and RDRAM. ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile; read only memory unit. It used to store firmware, for example BIOS program. User can only read content of the ROM, can not write or modify. A secondary memory is non-volatile. A devices used as secondary memory are HDD, FDD, CD, DVD, Tape drives and so on. FDD (Floppy Disk Drives) used as magnetic, portable memory device. It stores maximum 1.44 MB data. Earlier it used to transfer data among computer systems. HDD (Hard Disk Drives) are fixed, magnetic memory device. It is vital in the computer system because user saves permanent data on the HDD. Storage capacity of HDD is vendor specific. CDs and DVDs are optical memory units used for transferring data and programs among the computers. CDs are available in the size 650MB, DVDs are available up to 4 GB in a size. Tape drives are usually used for data backup purpose. Memory Primary Memory Secondary Memory RAM ROM SRAM DDRAM SDRAM RDRAM PROM HDD DRAM EPROM EEPROM FDD CD DVD Tape drives Figure 3.1 Memory Types 3.3 Memory hierarchy Computer system includes varies types of memories such as Primary memory, Secondary memory, tape drives and so on. These all memories are organised in hierarchy to get better performance. Memory hierarchy explains you that how computer system use memory while execution. Figure 3.3 shows Memory hierarchy. This hierarchy is made on the basis of few characteristics of memory, as listed follow: Access Time Time taken by memory to read or write data. Memory size It amount of memory. Cost per byte it is cost required to access per byte. Transfer bandwidth It speed of the RAM. Unit of transfer Data transfer rate. Increasing speed and cost per bit an decreasing size Registers in CPU Level one cache Level two cache Main memory Virtual Memory Increasing Size, decreasing speed and cost capacity File storage Figure 3.3 Memory Hierarchy Memory hierarchy is having CPUs general purpose registers on the top. Register provides fastest data access and it is one of the most expensive memory location. Second and third levels are level-1 and level-2 cache respectively. The level one cache is small in size (4Kbytes to 32 Kbytes) though much larger than register. It is fixed on CPU chip so user can not expand. The level-2 cache is present on some CPUs only. It is much larger than level one cache. User can not expand it as it is fixed on CPU chip but it is less in cost than level one cache. Virtual memory is part of disk drive, which simulates to memory. Disk drives are less expensive; so cost per bit is significantly less. File storage is disk drive storage. It is bit slower. 3.4 RAM (Random Access Memory ) RAM is primary volatile memory unit so data will lose in case of power failure. RAM access any memory cell directly that why known as random access. RAM contains Operating System, application software and currently used data. Types of RAM known are as follows: SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) SRAM is made with several transistors, usually four to six, for each memory cell. It does not require refresh time as capacitors are not used. It is much faster than DRAM. Computer system use SRAM as cache memory. DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) It has memory cells with a paired transistor; it uses capacitor so need periodic refresh. So it is lower than SRAM. DRAM is used as main memory in the computer system. As technology enhanced DRAM get also get enhanced from SDRAM then DDRAM to RDRAM.. 3.6 Read Only Memory (ROM) ROM is non-volatile primary memory. Data written on ROM can not delete or overwrite. Data is burned on the ROM as firmware. ROM memory is used in the computer system to write firmware for example BIOS program. Types of ROM are as follows: Programmable read-only memory (PROM) This type of memory is one time written memory. Once program is written can not be change. Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) Data written on EPROM can be erased. Ultraviolet is used to erase the data written on PROM. Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) It is same as EPROM but to erase data entirely it requires electrical signal. So not require to remove from computer. Data can be erased or over written it the computer itself. 3.8 Cache Memory The cache is small amount of memory with high speed. Cache memory keeps data and code (introductions) that are used by CPU often. Use of cache memory reduced the waiting time of CPU that makes CPU more effective. SRAM is used to create cache memory. SRAM does not required refresh as it does not use capacitors as DRAM, it is 10 times faster than DRAM. Cache is of two types Level-1 that is placed ion the CPU. Level 2 cache is optional some processors have this type of memory that is some time placed inside the CPU or placed near by CPU. To execute next instruction, CPU first check cache memory for the same instruction if that instruction is not available then it goes further. Note: DRAM is made up of capacitors which need constant refreshing to preserve data. SRAM uses flip-flop circuit that does not require refresh. 3.8.1 Cache line replacement Algorithms While a new line is loaded in the cache, one of the existing lines must be replaced. Direct mapped cache, same block from line is removed take place for new one. In associative cache, it can search for another place. Four of the most common line replacement algorithms are as follows: LRU (Lease Recently Used) the cache line that was last referenced in the most distance past is replaced. FIFO (First In First Out) the cache line from the set that was loaded in the most distant past is replaced. LFU ( Least Frequently Used) the cache line that has been referenced the times is replaced. Random a randomly selected line from cache is replaced. Note: The most commonly used algorithm is LRU. Virtual Memory Operating system enables assembly process through which space of hard disk drive can be simulate to RAM. The HDD space used as RAM is known a Virtual Memory. As cost per byte of HDD is less, virtual memory is beneficial to run many large programs that need more memory. Access time of RAM is in nanoseconds but virtual memory gives access time in milliseconds. It is much slower than RAM.

Hayden Carruth :: essays research papers

Hayden Carruth Scrambled Eggs & Whiskey is Hayden Carruth's most recent collection of works. Published in 1996, it reflects a dark, boozed washed view of the world throw the eyes of a 76- year-old man. His works reflect his personal experiences and his opinion on world events. Despite technical merit Carruth works have become depressing. Hayden Carruth is a child of the depression born in Vermont in 1921 where he lived for many tears. He now lives in upstate New York, where he taught in the Graduate Creative Writing Program at Syracuse University, until his recent retierment. He has published twenty-nine books, mostly of poetry but also a novel, four books of criticism, and anthologies as well. Four of his most recent books are Selected Essays & Reviews, Collected Longer Poems, Collected Shorter Poems, 1946-1991, and Suicides and Jazzers. He edited poetry for, Poetry, Harper's, and for 20 years The Hudson Review. He has received fellowships from the Bollingen Foundation, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Arts, most recently in 1995, a Lannan Literary Fellowship. He has won many awords including the Lenore Marshall Award, the Paterson Poetry Prize, the Vermont Governor's Medal, the Carl Sandburg Award, the Whiting Award, the Ruth Lily Prize, the National Book Award and The National Book Critics' Circle Award for Collected Shorter Poems, 1946-1991. In "Another" Carruth comments on the goal of poetry. He begins by dismissing truth and beauty; "Truth and beauty were never the aims of proper poetry and the era which proclaimed them was a brutal era." -Another The era mite have been brutal but "truth and beauty" where and still are a large part of "proper poetry". The collected works of William Shakespeare and Robert Frost both have great deal of truth and beauty in their works as well as the tragic ordeals in life while Carruth only sees the brutality of life. Carruth goes on to name the goal of poetry as: "...let justice be primary when we sing,..." -Another Even though he's primary goal is justice this collection of poems seems to be one long complaint about injustice. It is easy to agree with Carruth in the "Quality of wine" when he says "this wine is really awful, " unlike the poet, it is his unremitting winning that is awful. Like self commentary Carruth writes: "Language is defeated in the heavy, heavy day. Limp lines on the page like grass mown in the meadow." -The Heaviness This utter heaviness can be seen in the horrific poem "The Camp, " all 21 verses of it lament man's hardness of heart. In the second verse, a lighter through reads, "As the kittens were born

Sketches of the Valley (spanish) :: Spanish Essays

Reportaje â€Å"Estampas del Valle† Abstract: â€Å"Estampas del Valle†, or â€Å"Sketches of the Valley†, is a book written by a well-known Chicano author, Rolando Hinojosa-Smith. The book is divided into four sections, in which he writes about the â€Å"sketches† of the characters he establishes, things that happen such as a sudden murder, the lives and deaths of elders in the community, and of the life of Rafa Buenrostro. Belken County a fictitious location in the Rio Grande Valley in Texas. He writes of many that live there, ranging from young children, to prostitutes, to priests, ect. He writes of the dialogues, the stories, and the occurrences that are common regardless of ethnicity, with a humoristic view. His masterpiece is written in first person narrator and omniscient author consisting of letters, pieces from journals, diaries, and recollections of conversations. Rolando Hinojosa-Smith nacià ³ el 21 de enero del aà ±o 1929, en Mercedes, Tejas. Su padre un Mà ©xico americano, Manuel Guzmà ¡n Hinojosa y su madre Carrie Effie Smith, una blanca. Hinojosa nacià ³ el menor de dos hermanas y un hermano. A la edad de quince aà ±os, el comenzà ³ publicando su primeras obras en inglà ©s, en la publicacià ³n Creative Bits. Despuà ©s de graduarse de la escuela secundaria en el aà ±o 1946 a la edad de diez y siete aà ±os, se alisto en el ejà ©rcito donde cumplià ³ dos aà ±os. Hinojosa luego atendià ³ la Universidad de Tejas en Austin, por un corto tiempo antes de su reactivacià ³n en 1950 al ejà ©rcito para ir a la guerra de Corea. El estuvo estacionado en Fort Eustis, Virginia, donde fue director de una publicacià ³n del campo. Luego cuando fue estacionado en el Caribe trabajà ³ como anunciador de radià ³ y fue director de la publicacià ³n Carribbean Army Defense Command. Despuà ©s de su participacià ³n en el ejà ©rcito Hinojosa termino su educacià ³n en la Universidad de Tejas en Austin en el aà ±o 1954 donde se gradà ºo con un tà ­tulo en espaà ±ol. Empezà ³ su carrera enseà ±ando gobierno, espaà ±ol, historia, y latà ­n por un tiempo en la escuela secundaria de Brownsville, Tejas. En el aà ±o 1969, se casà ³ con Patricia Louise Mandley y tuvieron tres hijos, pero desafortunadamente resulto en un divorcio en el aà ±o 1989. Hinojosa continà ºo sus estudios de maestrà ­a en Highlands University en Las Vegas, Nuevo Mà ©xico, y luego su doctrina en la Universidad de Illinois en Urbana. Despuà ©s de recibir su doctrina empezà ³ como profesor en Trinity University en San Antonio, Tejas, en el aà ±o 1969.

Home Recipe for Food Tech/Cooking Students †Fresh and Fried Spring Rolls Essay

Ingredients – makes 16 large spring rolls: 1 cup thinly sliced carrot 1 cup shredded Chinese cabbage 1 cup spring onions thinly sliced 1 cup mushrooms diced 1 1/2 cups thin rice noodles 16 sheets of defrosted spring roll pastry ( for fried spring rolls) 16 sheets of rice paper (for fresh spring rolls) 450g chicken mince (if making fried spring rolls) Method: Fried Spring Rolls: 1.Boil enough water to submerge the noodles and place both the water and noodles in a bowl to break them up and soften them. Let them soak for about 2-3 minutes. Remove with a colander. 2. Chop up all vegetables finely and mix together a long with the chicken and noodles in a large bowl. 3.Line up the spring roll pastry diagonally to you and put the mixture of veggies on the corner closest to you. 4.Roll the pastry up until you reach halfway. Fold in the corners and continue to roll. 5.Once you roll it until you have a little flap of pastry sticking out, wet it with a few drops of water to seal it to the rest of the roll. 6.Cook the spring rolls in the vegetable oil for 2-3 minutes until golden brown and crunchy. 7.Remove from oil and drain excess off via paper towel. 8.Serve the fried spring rolls with sweet chilli sauce for dipping. Fresh Vegetable Spring Rolls: 1.Place the noodles in warm water to soften them like you did with the noodles in step 1 of the fried spring rolls. Remove with a colander. 2.Place the rice paper in warm water after removing the noodles. 3.Follow steps 2-5 of the fried spring rolls recipe with the exception on using no chicken and substituting the pastry for the softened rice paper. 4.Serve with soy sauce.

Labor Movement Development in Chile: 1990 to Present

Chile underwent a change in 1990 to a democratic form of government.   As a result of this transformation to democracy, the labor movement within Chile has undergone massive development.   As developments have been undergone, several areas of the labor movement have especially experienced change, including collective bargaining, Under the prior authoritarian rule of Augusto Pinochet, collective bargaining negotiations by labor units was strictly limited to â€Å"initial wage readjustments, the time period for inflationary adjustments, and the levels of inflation adjustments†.   (Frank, 2002)   In his in-depth study of the labor movement in Chile, Professor Volker K. Frank explicitly states that â€Å"the most important of all changes concerns the new law on collective bargaining†. The reform that came about during the early 1990s involved a corporations last offer to a union and their rights to proceed with the business of their corporation based on the union reaction, as well as the rights of the union to strike based on a corporation following certain criteria. Because the first reforms that impacted the labor movement in the early 1990s fell short, more reforms were enacted in the middle 1990s.   Professor Frank explains that â€Å"This new legislation envisions major changes that would indeed limit the employers’ abusive powers, which a very flexible labor market has given them in the first place. In this sense, unlike the first reform of 1990–92, this second one does move much more toward a ‘protective’ labor market†.   (Frank, 2002) This major development in the labor movement is most key because of the enhanced protection afforded the laborer by a government becoming more democratic. The labor movement in Chile is far more complicated than reforms to collective bargaining laws or limitations on abusive powers.   By first analyzing those key changes, however, one can better understand the tremendous development Chile has indeed undergone. Reference Frank, V. K.   (2002)   The Labor Movement in Democratic Chile, 1990-2000.   University of Notre Dame: Helen Kellogg Institute for International studies.   

How does Faustus use the magical gifts that he receives? Essay

Faustus is an extremely ambitious and clever man. This is seen to the extent that he sells his soul to fulfil his ambitions. He uses magic in order to strengthen his power and knowledge and thus this makes him dangerous. He is hubristic and aims to posses knowledge that no other mortal should have. In doing so he becomes synonymous to God. Faustus states â€Å"O what a world of profit and delight/Of power, of honour, of omnipotence/Is promis’d to the studious artisan! † This is what he intends to do with the magical gifts he receives but it soon becomes clear that ultimately everything Faustus does is for his own selfish needs. By comparing himself to a ‘studious artisan’ he hopes to gain the recognition of a scholarly work however, he fails to understand that scholars study for personal enlightenment and not material gain. Therefore ultimately Faustus achieves nothing with his magical gifts throughout the whole play. He gains no wealth, no recognition and no delight from his magic. Instead he condemns himself to death and illustrates that no man can ever be God as all men are fallible. Faustus’s attempts to use his magical gifts are futile and thus he gains nothing and is forever in debt to Mephostophilis. The pursuit of knowledge is directly linked with obtaining power. Faustus intends to acquire a greater intellect so that he can control everything. This is demonstrated by Faustus in Act one Scene one; â€Å"All things that move between the quiet poles/Shall be at my command. † Faustus exemplifies his desire to be the master of all. His reference to the quiet poles means that Faustus wants to rule the entire world, from North to South. The audience are reminded that Faustus is just a man; â€Å"Yet art thou still but Faustus, and a man,† however, he forgets his place in society. Faustus wants to use his magical gifts in order â€Å"to make men to live eternally/Or being dead raise them to life again. † The magical gifts allow Faustus to take on the role of God and this hubristic nature and desire for power is his downfall. Significantly, everything Faustus says is only what he intends to do with the magical gifts. He never does use the magical gifts to commit such acts and rather uses them for trivial acts such as comedy. This is illustrated in Act four Scene six when the Horse-Courser recounts his encounter with Faustus Dick and Robin. It is clear that Faustus has done nothing with the power that his magical gifts provide him with. Faustus also wants to use his magical gifts for his own pleasure and selfish needs. He aims to accomplish this by sending spirits to â€Å"search all corners of the new-found world/For pleasant fruits and princely delicates. † This pleasure could result in pride for Faustus which is what he claims that he wants at the beginning of the play. More importantly he considers himself worthy of these ‘princely delicates’ and thus forgets his place in society. The pleasure of these new found objects shows the material gain from his magic rather than personal enlightenment. Thus this demonstrates that Faustus uses his magical gifts not as a scholar but as a sorcerer for his own pleasure and happiness. In addition, Faustus wishes to be pleasured sexually exploring the woman for new treasures. This is evident in Faustus’s conversation with Valdes in Act one Scene one. However, once again Faustus wishes are not fulfilled and his dreams are only lived in words. It is once again apparent that Faustus does not use his magical gifts at all. The magical gifts allow Faustus direct power in order to conquer the world; â€Å"And reign sole king of all our provinces. † He is obsessed with the idea of reigning supreme and become omnipotent just like God. Faustus has no intention to use his magical gifts for good omitting to mention any wish of helping the poor and poverty stricken people in Germany. His only aim is to become a ‘mighty God. ‘ This ultimate power means that there is a clear distinction between Faustus and the rest of the characters in the play; a divide between mortal and god. Thus Faustus’s power enables him to obtain considerable fame for his astonishing magic. He wishes to â€Å"be eterniz’d for some wondrous cure† demonstrating his desire to be remembered forever. His magical gifts do not allow Faustus to become immortal and it is only in literature that he becomes immortalised. One final aspect that Faustus wishes to achieve with the magical gifts is wealth. He could be a physician and â€Å"heap up gold,† or â€Å"ransack the ocean for orient pearl. † Wealth is another way in which Faustus could gain power. Faustus’s obsession with wealth also illustrates his materialistic attitude. Knowledge in Faustus’s eyes is only another form of wealth like money. He takes no pleasure in making himself a better person. Once again by the end of the play Faustus has not achieved wealth and this is another example of how he has in fact not used his magical gifts. Throughout the play it is evident that Faustus wishes to use the magical gifts to gain power, knowledge, wealth and immortality. He aims to be a creature that is omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent and thus his desire is to be god. He becomes obsessed with using his magical gifts to achieve this and continually speaks about all his ideas. However, his dreams never become a reality as he never attempts to actually pursue his desires and use the magical gifts. Instead Faustus uses his magical gifts merely as a comedic tool therefore demonstrating the weakness of his character.

Declaration of Principles and Policies Essay

Some of us here in Congress may have heard of the cancellation of CLOAs in Hacienda Looc, Batangas, Sumilao, Bukidnon and Hacienda Maria, Agusan del Sur. These are only some of the 2,555 cases involving cancellation of EPs and CLOAs which covers 29,682 hectares of land. To be specific, the case of Hacienda Maria in Agusan del Sur involves ninety-four (94) farmers that were already in possession of the land with titles issued more than ten years ago. These titles are now facing cancellation, apparently on the ground that the former Ministry of Agrarian Reform has erroneously covered that piece of land under Presidential Decree No. 27. One of the grounds for cancellation under DAR Administrative Order No. 2, series of 1994 is when â€Å"the land is found to be exempted/excluded from P.D. No. 27/E.O. No. 266 or CARP coverage or to be part of the landowner’s retained areas as determined by the Secretary or his authorized representative.† Or the lands voluntarily offered under section 19 of Republic Act No. 6657 but which are found to be outside the coverage of CARP. While the grounds for cancellation of EPs and CLOAs under DAR AO No. 2, series of 1994 are generally valid, setting a prescriptive period for the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs is in order. Truly, it is the height of callousness to cancel EPs or CLOAs of farmer beneficiaries who have been, for years, diligently amortizing payments to their lands. With regard to DAR AO No. 3, series of 1996, it would also be unjust that farmer beneficiaries be made to suffer in a fault they did not have any part of. In awarding parcels of land to farmer beneficiaries, it is the DAR that negotiates with the landowners and farmer beneficiaries. The latter two parties do not have direct negotiation with each other except if the land will be under the direct payment scheme. In addition, it is the government and not the farmer beneficiaries that determines which lands would be c overed by land reform. The farmer’s participation only starts after the DAR has finished negotiations with the landowners and EPs or CLOAs are awarded to them. As such, the farmer beneficiaries should be regarded as â€Å"innocent purchasers for value.† This bill has six objectives. First, this legislation reaffirms that EPs and CLOAs are land titles under Presidential Decree No. 1529; second, it provides for prescriptive periods for the filing of petitions for the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs; third, it provides for compensation to landowners, whose lands were erroneously covered by land reform programs; fourth, it ensures that the farmer beneficiaries do not bear the consequences of the DAR’s errors in distributing lands that should have been exempted from coverage of our agrarian laws; Fifth, this legislation limits the effect of the Department of Justice Opinion No. 44, series of 1990 that excludes lands that have been reclassified or even without the concurrence of the Department of Agrarian Reform. The DOJ Opinion, though not a law, has been continuously cited as a ground for cancellation of EPs and CLOAs. Finally, it prevents the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs through the enactment of laws that further exempt lands from the coverage of agrarian reform laws. An example of this is the cancellation of EPs and CLOAs on the ground that the landowners were not paid just compensation. Truly, farmer beneficiaries should not be deprived of the lands awarded to them if the government is unable to fulfill its duties under the laws. Passage of this bill is, earnestly sought.

Sustainable Works Reflection Prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable Works Reflection Prompt - Essay Example The ethics of this program is to sensitize every individual to take good care of their environment, making it a better place than they found it. It aims at instilling a sense of responsibility, which is crucial for the survival of every human being. When we accustom ourselves to doing such kind acts as ensuring good waste disposal, conserving energy that is not in use, and increasing the forest cover, I think we shall be preparing a green world for generations to come. This program anchors on the philosophy of moral ethics for the betterment of the society in general. The program has a strong correlation with the philosophy theories that I was learning and debating together with my classmates in that, both gear their principles towards persuading the human mind into accepting and practicing certain beliefs, opinions and ideas. While philosophy communicates to us the opinions, ideas, and beliefs of scholars and great thinkers, sustainable works program imparts on us great ideas that c an enable us live harmoniously with our environment. I strongly believe that philosophy study refines our intelligence and boosts our intellectual growth, but we cannot be intellectuals who do very little about their immediate environment. At this particular point, I must admit that the decision I made to join the sustainable works program really transformed my philosophical perception, especially in matters dealing with the environment. Before joining the program, I used to think that the role of environmental protection and sustainable growth solely rested on governments and concerned institutions. Philosophically, I now accord the environment the same essence that I accord human beings. I view human beings, plants, and animals as valuable creatures that deserve the same level of gratification and protection. In my view, any undertaking of sustainable work should not favor the thriving of some these creatures while at the same time, having adverse effect on others. This, I believe , goes against the moral responsibilities of philosophy. Politically, sustainable works program has challenged my inclination and adherence to the environmental sustainability acts and policies. When it comes to the emotional aspect, my compassion for sustainable growth and development has flared, owing to the close association and relationship I now have with the ecosystem. Succinctly, my overall perception of the environment has changed. While undertaking the program, I noticed some of my colleagues with whom we were in the same group react in a manner that suggested that the subject t matter, that is the Sustainable work program, astounded them. This was especially so because most of them were culprits whose activities were counterproductive to environmental sustainability. I think all of us were enthusiastic and a bit nervous because as philosophy students, we studied, and inculcated the thoughts, opinions, ideas, beliefs of great thinkers but one thing we were forgetting was th e ideas, and opinions of those passion were environmentally oriented. I regrettably consider this as an appreciable oversight that is worth noting. Sustainable works program entails several aspects, some of which may be fascinating, especially for first time learners. Nevertheless, one thing I found interesting was the issue of sustainable waste management. Virtually all activities of human endeavors generate wastes, some of which m

History of Food in Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Food in Mexico - Research Paper Example They are also the ones who introduced chocolates to the Spanish. Regionally, north of Mexico is known for arrachera cut, carne asada dishes. The south part of the country is known for conchinita pibil. Generally, other vegetables and chicken based dishes (Mexico Adventure, 1999). Spain civilization in 1521 brought about fusion of Spanish foods such as pigs, garlic, dairy products and spices with the Mexican traditional cuisine. This was later followed by assimilation of several other cuisines like Portuguese, South Americans and French. In addition, various regions in the country experience different climatic conditions and are of different ethnicities. These are among the reasons why today Mexican foods vary with regions and are a variety (World-food-and-wine. n.d.). Despite the food variety and influence of Mexican dishes there has been the dominance of traditional spices like oregano, cumin and chill powder. The objective of meals being leisurely shared and enjoyed has still remained intact. Furthermore, there are foods mostly taken during various religious and holiday

Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law - Assignment Example Winston cannot be defined as a consumer and therefore cannot rely on the rights awarded under the Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations. An express term of a contract is that which is expressly agreed by the parties, either orally or in writing. As a general rule, the courts hold the written document as a complete agreement so that the terms inscribed within form the total extent of the contract and no further terms may be added or varied later by external evidence (Jacobs v. Batavia & General Plantations Trust Ltd. [1924] 1 Ch 287). However, since this instance is concerned with misrepresentation and terms which are implied into the contract (Hutton v. Warrren [1836] 1 M & W 466), the courts are seen to cater to parole evidence wherever necessary and the rule is likely to be excluded. In this instance, the express agreement necessarily includes the requirements mentioned in the standard form contract stipulating inter alia the description of the vehicle: â€Å"White Tra nsit XL, 48072 miles† as well as the exclusion clause mentioned. Moreover, it would also include the express oral representations that pertain to the description of the vehicle, â€Å"†¦ just the vehicle for you†¦ 48,000 miles on the clock, barely run in for a van like this †¦ and all the storage space you’re likely to need †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . ... v. SS Turid (Owners) [1992] 1 AC 397), or it may be implied by common law, where the term must not just be reasonable but also equitably just and â€Å"necessary to give business efficacy† to the contract (Lord Simon in BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v. Shire of Hastings (1978) ALJR 20, 26). The terms implied by Statute of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 are more applicable to Winston’s situation. Application of Sale of Goods Act 1979 Sale by Description Where the goods are described before they are sold, there is an implied condition that they correspond to that description (s. 13). It is arguable what the description of the van actually completely comprises, as Daly never expressly agreed that the maximum load of the van in question is 1 ton, even though it was later discovered by the registration documents to be 0.5 tons. It is accepted that a â€Å"White Ford Transit XL† with 48000 miles falls part of the description, but the maximum load and capacity was never stipulated, even though Winston mentioned the specifications of the earlier van with which the new one had to be replaced; the earlier van fitted the requirements at 200 feet capacity and 1 ton load, the new van had 150 feet capacity with 0.5 tons maximum load, which fell short of requirements. Thus, if this falls part of the description, Winston may be allowed to reject the van on the basis of a breach of s.13. This is further supported by the fact that Daly had special knowledge in dealing with vans, and reliance was placed by Winston on his word (Harlingdon and Leinster v Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd (1990)). For the purposes of a breach of description, it is irrelevant that Winston examined the van before purchasing (s. 13(13)). The description